Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 28, 2026

10:03
Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
Published on: November 11, 2013
26.0K
Prussian Blue Analogues for Non-Aqueous Sodium-Ion and Potassium-Ion Batteries: The Landscape From Lab-Scale
Yingkangzi Mei1, Charlie A F Nason1, Yang Xu1
1Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 27, 2026
Summary
Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) show potential for potassium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. This review guides researchers on optimizing PBAs for practical, large-scale energy storage applications.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Electrochemistry
- Energy Storage
Background:
- Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are cost-effective, structurally stable cathode materials for next-generation batteries.
- PBAs offer promising electrochemical properties for potassium-ion (PIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).
- Current challenges hinder the practical application and scalability of PBAs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a roadmap connecting fundamental material properties with lab-scale optimization strategies for PBAs.
- To highlight critical factors influencing the real-world viability of PBAs in energy storage systems.
- To guide researchers in advancing PBAs toward scalable non-aqueous battery technologies.
Main Methods:
- Review of material-level fundamentals and lab-scale optimization techniques for PBAs.
- Evaluation of practical considerations including particle size, crystal water content, and safety.
- Analysis of factors affecting the real-world performance and scalability of PBAs.
Main Results:
- PBAs possess inherent advantages like simple synthesis and structural robustness.
- Key factors such as particle size, crystal water, and safety significantly impact PBA performance.
- Optimization strategies are crucial for overcoming intrinsic challenges and enhancing PBA viability.
Conclusions:
- PBAs are viable candidates for sustainable, next-generation potassium-ion and sodium-ion batteries.
- Addressing material-level challenges and practical considerations is essential for PBA implementation.
- This review offers insights for advancing PBAs towards scalable energy storage solutions.
Related Concept Videos
Formation of Complex Ions
26.0K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
26.0K
Common Ion Effect
46.3K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
46.3K
Precipitation of Ions
30.2K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
30.2K
Ions as Acids and Bases
26.3K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.3K
Ion Channels
91.4K
The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
91.4K
Regulation of Sodium and Potassium
2.2K
The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
2.2K

