Ecological, Functional, and Phylogenetic Determinants of Cyanobacterial Biomineralisation

Cyanobacteria play a key role in the biomineralisation of carbon dioxide into solid carbonates, a critical process in the global carbon biogeochemical cycle that links atmospheric CO₂ to lithospheric carbonate reservoirs. While photosynthetic carbon fixation by these microorganisms has been extensively studied and is relatively well understood, the biomineralisation pathway remains much less explored, likely leading to an underestimation of its global relevance. This review summarises current findings and highlights the ecological and cellular factors that contribute to cyanobacterial biomineralisation. In particular, the need to cope with fluctuating environmental conditions has played a central role in enabling cyanobacteria to develop rapid metabolic adaptations together with the evolution of a complex cell wall architecture. Within this framework, biomineralisation emerged as a tangible and effective adaptive strategy. Particular attention is given to the metabolic processes and related ion trafficking mechanisms across the cell envelope, which are instrumental in facilitating mineral nucleation and growth.