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Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

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Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
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Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Somnambulism, commonly known as sleepwalking, involves individuals engaging in activities ranging from simple walking to more complex behaviors such as driving. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 early in the night when the person is not dreaming, contradicting the myth that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Patients Undergoing Cervical Spine Surgery Achieve Improved Sleep Quality Over Time.

Seth Meade1,2, Daniel T Lilly2, Alan J Gordillo1,2

  • 1Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Neurosurgery
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cervical spine surgery significantly improves sleep quality for most patients, with preoperative sleep status and age being key predictors of outcomes. Mental health gains post-surgery depend on physical health and sleep improvements.

Keywords:
ACDFCervical spine surgeryLaminectomy and fusionPROMISPosterior foraminotomySleep disruptionTime series

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Neurosurgery
  • Patient-Reported Outcomes

Background:

  • Cervical spine disease negatively impacts quality of life, including sleep.
  • The relationship between sleep quality and surgical outcomes in cervical spine patients is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze sleep quality changes after cervical spine surgery using Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep disruption (PROMIS-SD) scores.
  • To identify factors influencing postoperative sleep improvement.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 1015 adult patients undergoing cervical spine surgery.
  • Analysis of preoperative and postoperative PROMIS-SD scores.
  • Repeated-measures ANOVA and latent class analysis to assess trends and patient profiles.

Main Results:

  • PROMIS-SD scores significantly improved at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post-surgery (P < .0001).
  • Age at surgery and preoperative sleep quality were the strongest predictors of sleep improvement.
  • Postoperative mental health improvement was linked to improvements in physical health or sleep quality.

Conclusions:

  • Over 90% of patients experienced stable or improved sleep after cervical spine surgery.
  • Preoperative sleep quality and patient age are crucial factors influencing postoperative sleep.
  • Younger patients with better baseline sleep may be more susceptible to postoperative sleep disruption.