Emerging Gel Technologies for Atherosclerosis Research and Intervention.

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Cardiovascular Research
• Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

• Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular death, with current treatments having limitations like systemic side effects and poor local drug delivery.
• Gel-based technologies present a promising alternative due to tunable properties, controlled release, and high drug capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review gel platforms for atherosclerosis research and intervention across various scales.
• To explore applications from in vitro models to localized and systemic therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

• Review of gel-based in vitro models (hydrogels, 3D cultures, organ-on-chip) for simulating plaque microenvironments.
• Analysis of macroscopic gels (natural, synthetic, composite) for localized delivery (stent coatings, injections, depots).
• Examination of nano- and microgels for systemic delivery with stimuli-responsive release and theranostic capabilities.

Main Results:

• Gel platforms enable sophisticated in vitro modeling of atherosclerosis under physiological conditions.
• Macroscopic gels offer localized treatment options with potential biological benefits from natural polymers.
• Nanogels and microgels facilitate targeted systemic delivery and theranostics, integrating therapy with imaging.

Conclusions:

• Gel technologies show significant potential to improve atherosclerosis management through precise spatial and temporal control.
• Challenges remain in manufacturing, stability, safety, and regulatory approval.
• Future directions include multi-functional integration, AI-guided design, and personalized medicine approaches.