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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Protocols of 3D Bioprinting of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel Based Bioinks
Published on: December 21, 2019
Hydroxyapatite-Mediated Mechanical Modulation of GelMA Hydrogels Influences Osteogenic Differentiation of 3D
Narantungalag Amarbayasgalan1, Ji Hyeon Kim1, Won-Gun Koh2
1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
Abstract:
Substrate stiffness critically regulates osteogenic differentiation, yet systematic identification of optimal mechanical conditions in three-dimensional culture remains limited. This study investigated how hydroxyapatite (HAp)-mediated mechanical modulation of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels influences osteogenic differentiation of encapsulated SAOS-2 spheroids. GelMA hydrogels with HAp at 5, 10, and 15 μg/mL were characterized for mechanical properties and used to encapsulate pre-formed spheroids under osteogenic conditions. GelMA+HAp5 achieved the highest compressive modulus, while higher HAp concentrations reduced crosslinking efficiency. All formulations maintained comparable viability and metabolic activity. Notably, GelMA+HAp10 produced the highest alkaline phosphatase activity at Days 7 and 14, despite lower stiffness than GelMA+HAp5, demonstrating a non-linear relationship between substrate mechanics and osteogenic response. These results establish that optimizing rather than maximizing mechanical properties represents a more effective scaffold design strategy for bone tissue engineering.
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