Effect of Finishing Protocol Treatments on Optical Properties of Super Translucent Zirconia After Simulated Wear

Background/Objectives: Super translucent zirconia (ST zirconia) is increasingly used for esthetic restorations, but its optical stability after mechanical wear remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three finishing protocols-polishing, glazing, and staining followed by glazing (Chroma + Glaze)-on the color stability and translucency of ST zirconia after simulated toothbrushing. Methods: Sixty zirconia specimens (Vita YZ ST, shade A1) were fabricated and divided into three groups, namely Polished, Glazed, and Chroma + Glaze (n = 20 in each group). Color (L*, a*, b*) was measured using a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade V; VITA Zahnfabrik) before and after 10,000 brushing cycles (200 g load, 1.5 Hz). Translucency parameters (TP_ab, TP₀₀) were calculated, while color changes were assessed using CIELAB (ΔE_ab) and CIEDE2000 (ΔE₀₀) formulas. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05). Results: Treatment significantly affected translucency (H = 46.79, p < 0.001; H = 21.09, p < 0.001), indicating consistent differences among the three treatment groups. Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons showed that Chroma + Glaze exhibited significantly lower TP₀₀ values than Glaze in both measurements (p < 0.0001; p < 0.001), as well as lower values than Polished in both measurements (p < 0.0001; p = 0.0147, respectively). Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed significant differences among finishing protocol groups for both ΔE_ab (H = 13.21, p < 0.0014) and ΔE₀₀ (H = 9.14, p = 0.0104), with Chroma + Glaze exhibiting the smallest ΔE values (ΔE₀₀ ≈ 0.33) below the perceptibility threshold. Conclusions: The finishing protocol significantly influences the optical behavior of ST zirconia after simulated wear. The Chroma + Glaze group demonstrated the highest color stability and lowest translucency, suggesting enhanced long-term esthetic performance. In contrast, polished zirconia showed greater color variation and an increase in translucency, indicating lower optical stability under brushing abrasion.