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A Pilot Study for "In Vitro" Testing the Surface Conditioning Effects on CAD/CAM Hybrid Nanoceramic Adhesion
Georgi Veselinov Iliev1, Lucian Toma Ciocan2, Vlad Gabriel Vasilescu2
1Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Sofia, 1 Georgi Sofiyski Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
Combining hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching with airborne-particle abrasion (APA) improved bonding of hybrid nanoceramics. Optimized HF concentration and time are crucial for effective surface conditioning in CAD/CAM restorations.
Area of Science:
- Dental Materials Science
- Biomaterials Engineering
- Restorative Dentistry
Background:
- CAD/CAM hybrid nanoceramics offer aesthetic and durable indirect restorations.
- Achieving durable bonds with resin cements is challenging due to reduced unreacted monomers after post-polymerization.
- Specific surface conditioning protocols are necessary for optimal adhesion of CAD/CAM materials.
Purpose of the Study:
- To preliminarily evaluate the influence of combined conditioning protocols on surface characteristics and shear bond strength (SBS) of a CAD/CAM hybrid nanoceramic.
- To investigate the effects of hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching, airborne-particle abrasion (APA), and silanization on adhesion to dental enamel.
- To explore the relationship between surface micromorphology, elemental composition, and bonding trends.
Main Methods:
- Five conditioning protocols combining APA with varying HF concentrations and etching times were applied to hybrid nanoceramic specimens.
- Shear bond strength (SBS) testing was performed using a dual-cure resin cement.
- Surface morphology was analyzed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and elemental composition was determined via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
Main Results:
- Dual treatment with HF and APA yielded descriptively higher SBS (5.01–6.14 MPa) compared to APA alone (1.85 MPa).
- Higher HF concentrations (10%) resulted in more porous surfaces, and EDS indicated increased fluorine and reduced silicon, suggesting deeper chemical activation.
- Extended HF etching beyond 20 seconds did not significantly improve bonding, indicating the need for protocol optimization.
Conclusions:
- A synergistic effect between mechanical (APA) and chemical (HF) conditioning enhances hybrid ceramic adhesion.
- Manufacturer-recommended APA alone may offer limited adhesion under high-stress conditions.
- Further research with larger sample sizes and aging simulations is needed to confirm findings and assess long-term durability.
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