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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

The Cultivation, Growth, and Viability of Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Quality Control Perspective
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Lactic Acid in Tumour Biology.

Cristina Cruz1,2, Ignasi Barba1,2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain.

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|January 27, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactic acid, initially viewed as a metabolic byproduct, actively drives tumor progression. This review highlights its pivotal roles in suppressing immunity, promoting metastasis, and influencing gene expression within the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Keywords:
Warburg effectcancerimmune functionlactatelactic acidtumour microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Research

Background:

  • Lactic acid is highly concentrated in the TME, often exceeding 40 mM.
  • Initially considered a byproduct of the Warburg effect (aerobic glycolysis), its role is now recognized as more complex.
  • High lactic acid levels are linked to poor patient outcomes, including increased metastasis and reduced survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of elevated lactic acid in the TME.
  • To explore lactic acid's impact on tumor progression and biology.
  • To summarize current knowledge on lactic acid's influence beyond a simple metabolic byproduct.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on lactic acid in the TME.
  • Analysis of studies correlating lactic acid levels with tumor progression markers.
  • Examination of evidence for lactic acid's role in immune suppression, metastasis, and epigenetic modulation.

Main Results:

  • Elevated lactic acid in the TME suppresses anti-tumor immune responses.
  • Lactic acid actively facilitates tumor metastasis and cellular senescence.
  • Emerging evidence suggests lactic acid can modulate gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms like histone lactylation.

Conclusions:

  • Lactic acid is a key player in tumor biology, not just a metabolic byproduct.
  • Understanding lactic acid's roles in the TME is crucial for developing new cancer therapies.
  • Further research into epigenetic modifications like lactylation may reveal novel therapeutic targets.