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A Unified Complex-Fresnel Model for Physically Based Long-Wave Infrared Imaging and Simulation.

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|January 27, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a unified Fresnel equation model for accurate infrared interface behavior. The new model enhances spectral rendering and infrared imaging simulations by stabilizing calculations for various materials and wavelengths.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Computational Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate modeling of light-matter interactions at material interfaces is crucial for infrared (IR) imaging, rendering, and optical system simulations.
  • The short-wave to long-wave infrared (SWIR-LWIR) spectrum presents challenges due to wavelength-dependent material properties (dispersion) and complex refractive indices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a unified formulation of the Fresnel equations for physically consistent interface modeling across the IR spectrum.
  • To address numerical instabilities and sign ambiguities in classical Fresnel equations, especially for absorbing materials and varying incidence angles.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced a novel formulation of the Fresnel equations incorporating wavelength-dependent complex refractive index data.
  • Reformulated classical expressions to eliminate sign ambiguities and improve numerical stability.
  • Validated the model using spectral-rendering simulations and compared LWIR emission simulations with experimental measurements.

Main Results:

  • The proposed model provides stable and physically consistent interface behavior for both dielectrics and conductors across incidence angles.
  • Spectral-rendering simulations demonstrated realistic reflectance and transmittance for various IR optical properties.
  • Simulated LWIR emission of a heated glass sphere showed good agreement with LWIR camera measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The unified Fresnel equation formulation offers a practical and physically grounded tool for wavelength-parametric interface modeling in IR applications.
  • The model supports advanced applications such as spectral rendering, synthetic data generation, and infrared system analysis.
  • This work enhances the accuracy and stability of simulations for infrared optics and sensing systems.