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Related Concept Videos

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...
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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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The Ex Vivo Colon Organ Culture and Its Use in Antimicrobial Host Defense Studies
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C-Type Lectin Receptors in Host Defense.

Sonja I Gringhuis1, Teunis B H Geijtenbeek1

  • 1Department of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;

Annual Review of Immunology
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) on myeloid cells initiate immune responses to pathogens and cell damage. Understanding CLR signaling mechanisms can help treat infectious, autoimmune, and malignant diseases.

Keywords:
C-type lectin receptorsadaptive immune responsecell death immunityinnate immune responsemicrobial defensesignal transduction

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity.
  • These receptors are strategically positioned to detect microbial components and endogenous danger signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the signaling mechanisms linking CLR engagement to cellular responses.
  • To explore how CLR signaling fine-tunes host-protective immunity and can lead to pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CLR signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of molecular interplay between CLRs and other pattern recognition receptors.

Main Results:

  • CLR engagement triggers tailored cellular responses to perceived threats.
  • Cross-talk between CLRs and other receptors modulates immune outcomes.
  • Dysregulated CLR signaling can contribute to autoimmune and malignant disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding CLR regulation offers therapeutic strategies for diverse diseases.
  • Targeting CLR pathways may provide novel treatments for infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer.