Designing a theory-informed feedback system for prehospital cardiac arrest care: a qualitative study

Feedback is a vital yet underused tool for improving clinical outcomes in prehospital emergency care. This study aimed to develop and pilot a novel, theoretically grounded feedback mechanism for helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) clinicians involved in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the East of England, UK.

Semistructured interviews were conducted in September 2022 with HEMS clinicians from Essex & Herts Air Ambulance, and the feedback process was co-designed with the Essex Cardiothoracic Centre (Essex, UK). Using the COM-B model (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour), we conducted qualitative interviews with prehospitalists (seven paramedics, three prehospital doctors) to explore gaps in existing feedback processes and identify their information needs, then iteratively co-developed a structured feedback proforma with stakeholders.

Three themes emerged, specifically about weaknesses in current feedback and preferences for an improved system: (1) dissatisfaction with current ad hoc, 'punitive' approaches; (2) the educational and emotional importance of timely, targeted feedback; and (3) a strong preference for standardised, confidentiality-compliant delivery methods. The resulting feedback proforma included working diagnoses, key investigations completed, optimisation opportunities and patient outcomes (if already available), to be delivered within 24-48 hours of hospital admission.

Our study underscores the importance of stakeholder-driven development in shaping an effective prehospital feedback mechanism for OHCA aligned to clinicians' needs. By exploring feedback preferences and mapping insights onto the COM-B model, we highlight how knowledge, context and motivation can all steer behavioural change. Further research is needed in diverse emergency medical service contexts to test its impact on clinical practice and patient outcomes.