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Neurons: The Axon01:21

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Use of Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons to Study the Assembly of Axon Initial Segments
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The axon initial segment-associated microglia regulate neuronal activity and visual perception.

Yaping Wang1, Qiushi Wang1, Chen Gao1

  • 1Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence; State Key Laboratory of Multi-organ Injury Prevention and Treatment; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders; Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

Cell Research
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microglia near neuron axon initial segments (AISs) regulate neuronal firing via K+ release. This interaction is crucial for visual perception and cognitive functions in mice.

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Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Microglia, the brain's innate immune cells, interact with neurons, but mechanisms are unclear.
  • Specific microglia-neuron functional interactions remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel microglia-neuron functional interactions.
  • To elucidate the role of these interactions in neuronal activity and visual perception.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of AIS-associated microglia in the neocortex.
  • Electrophysiological recordings of neuronal activity.
  • In vivo two-photon imaging during visual stimulation.
  • Behavioral tests for visual discrimination.

Main Results:

  • AIS-associated microglia depolarize and release K+ via THIK-1, promoting neuronal firing.
  • Visual stimulation induces microglial depolarization and K+ release, enhancing neuronal calcium responses.
  • Disrupting AIS-microglia interaction impairs neuronal activity and visual discrimination.

Conclusions:

  • A novel functional interaction between microglia and excitatory neuron AISs was identified.
  • This interaction, mediated by microglial K+ release, is critical for regulating neuronal activity and visual processing.
  • These findings highlight a new mechanism for microglia involvement in higher-order brain functions.