AI for caries detection: how close are we to clinical use?

Abbott LP, Saikia A, Anthonappa RP. Artificial intelligence platforms in dental caries detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2025; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2024.102077 .

The search strategy for this review aimed to identify published articles that have used either clinical or X-ray images for AI model development. The search was carried out in eight electronic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Educational Resources Information Centre, Institute of Electrical and Electronics, Science Direct, Directory of Open Access Journals, and JSTOR. Studies published in English from January 2000 to March were selected.

Based on predefined criteria, 2538 articles were retrieved from the search; after deduplication and exclusion of articles that did not meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 45 articles were included in the review. Of these, 33 studies had used dental radiographs and 12 had used clinical images.

All the included articles were assessed for quality using QUADAS-2 and the CLAIM checklist. The results from all included studies were narratively summarized, reporting on various parameters, ranges, and mean accuracy achieved, as well as details of the annotation tool, AI platform, etc. In addition, a meta-analysis was conducted that included seven studies.

The mean accuracy was 78.2% (95% CI: 72-84.4%) for clinical image studies and 81.5% (95% CI: 72.7-90.3%) for studies that included X-ray images. Based on a meta-analysis, the overall sensitivity and specificity were 76% (95% CI: 65-85%) and 91% (95% CI: 86-95%), respectively. An HSROC curve was also generated, indicating an AUC of 92% (95% CI: 89-94%).

AI models exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for caries detection.