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Related Concept Videos

Light as Energy01:35

Light as Energy

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The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light— typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
Photons
A photon is a discrete electromagnetic particle or bundle of energy. Photons are characterized by their frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, similar to the properties of a wave. Waves with higher frequencies transmit more energy and have shorter wavelengths than longer wavelengths that transmit...
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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
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The Wave Nature of Light02:12

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The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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Light Acquisition02:16

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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.
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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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Multiband Light Absorption Hydrogel with Adjustable Light Transmission for Smart Window.

Shirui Zhang1, Peng Zhang1, Hongyu Wen1

  • 1Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Yunnan Joint International Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, P. R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed thermochromic smart windows using upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) within a polymer matrix. These windows effectively block near-infrared light, reducing indoor heat gain and improving energy efficiency.

Keywords:
NIR absorbingUCNPs/PNIPAmmicrocrystal hydrogelsmart windowupconversion luminescence

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Thermochromic smart windows regulate sunlight to control indoor temperatures.
  • Existing materials struggle to effectively absorb the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum, a primary heat source.
  • Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) offer potential for enhanced light modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize NIR light modulation in thermochromic smart windows.
  • To develop a novel smart window material with improved solar spectral control.
  • To enhance indoor brightness by converting NIR to visible light.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) into a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) matrix.
  • Fabrication of a microcrystalline composite hydrogel.
  • Testing of solar spectral modulation performance and temperature regulation.

Main Results:

  • The composite hydrogel demonstrated significant reduction in visible light transmittance (80.1% to 34.7%) upon temperature-induced phase transition.
  • The smart window achieved a 23 °C temperature drop compared to standard glass.
  • Effective blocking of NIR solar radiation was observed.

Conclusions:

  • The UCNP-PNIPAm composite hydrogel offers a novel approach for thermochromic smart windows.
  • This material exhibits broadband solar spectrum modulation and excellent durability.
  • The developed smart windows enhance energy efficiency by suppressing indoor temperature increases.