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Optimizing auditory stimulation timing in NREM sleep using brain-heart rhythms: continuous phase analysis and

Sepehr Sardooeinasab¹, Massimiliano de Zambotti², Fiona C Baker²

¹Department of Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame St W, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada.

|January 28, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Auditory stimulation during sleep is enhanced by precisely timed cues. Integrating heart rate phases with brain oscillations offers a novel, more effective method for improving deep sleep quality.

Keywords:

acoustic stimulation brain–heart coupling electroencephalogram heart rate slow oscillations slow-wave activity

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Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Published on: October 8, 2014

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sleep Science
Cardiology

Background:

Auditory stimulation during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep can enhance slow oscillations (SOs) and slow-wave activity (SWA).
Precise timing of auditory stimulation to specific SO phases is crucial but challenging.
Heart rate (HR) components show potential as complementary timing cues for sleep modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify optimal heart rate (HR) phases for auditory stimulation during sleep.
To evaluate a multidimensional phase-comparison approach integrating HR and EEG SO phases.
To compare the effectiveness of unimodal (EEG SO or HR only) versus combined (EEG-HR) phase-locking strategies.

Main Methods:

Analysis of polysomnography (PSG) recordings from 133 adolescents during NREM sleep.
Delivery of auditory tones and extraction of instantaneous phases for EEG SO and HR components (LF and HF bands).
Comparison of tone-evoked SO amplitude and SWA across unimodal and combined phase-locking strategies.

Main Results:

Optimal auditory stimulation timing was near HR-LF up-peak and HR-HF down-peak.
Tones at optimal HR phases increased SO amplitude (~22 μV) and SWA (12%).
Combined EEG-HR phase-locking yielded the strongest effects: ~38 μV SO amplitude and 32% SWA increase.

Conclusions:

Heart rate oscillatory phases provide effective timing cues for closed-loop auditory stimulation.
Brain-heart coupling during sleep can be leveraged for sleep modulation.
A multidimensional EEG-HR phase-based approach enhances deep sleep more effectively than unimodal strategies, offering a new neuromodulation framework.