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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
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CD163 at the crossroads: a viral-exploited immunomodulator
Jiayong Tan1, Jie Cheng1, Xiaohui Yang1
1State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
Virology Journal
|January 28, 2026
Summary
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) uses CD163 as a receptor for entry. Understanding CD163
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Virology
- Immunology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a significant economic threat to the swine industry.
- CD163 is identified as the primary cellular receptor for PRRSV entry.
- CD163 plays a crucial role in modulating host immune responses during PRRSV infection.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the structure, physiological functions, and mechanisms of CD163 in PRRSV infection.
- To elucidate the immunomodulatory roles of CD163 during PRRSV infection.
- To explore CD163-targeted interventions for PRRSV control.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on CD163 and PRRSV.
- Analysis of CD163 expression, ectodomain shedding, and their impact on macrophage polarization and cytokine profiles.
- Evaluation of PRRSV's manipulation of host inflammatory signaling via CD163.
- Review of emerging therapeutic strategies targeting CD163.
Main Results:
- PRRSV exploits anti-inflammatory pathways to enhance CD163 expression and facilitate viral entry.
- Pro-inflammatory stimuli downregulate CD163, restricting PRRSV replication.
- Soluble CD163 (sCD163) has a dual role as a potential decoy receptor and a contributor to inflammatory pathology.
- Targeted modifications of CD163 can confer PRRSV resistance without compromising essential host functions.
Conclusions:
- CD163 is a critical determinant of PRRSV entry and pathogenesis, acting as both a viral gateway and an immunomodulator.
- The dual role of CD163 in PRRSV infection offers novel therapeutic targets.
- Developing strategies that block viral entry while maintaining immune homeostasis is key for effective PRRSV control.
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