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Multi-Party Semi-Quantum Simultaneous Ascending Auction Protocol Based on Single-Particle States.

Xiuqi Wu1, Yu Yang1, Baichang Wang1

  • 1College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China.

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|January 28, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new quantum auction protocol for multiple items, overcoming limitations of existing methods. It enables resource-limited users to participate in secure, simultaneous ascending auctions.

Keywords:
quantum auctionquantum information securitysemi-quantum protocolsimultaneous ascending auctionunconditional security

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Economics
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Simultaneous ascending auctions are vital for spectrum licensing and ad space allocation.
  • Existing quantum auction protocols fail in multi-item scenarios and require advanced quantum capabilities from bidders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel multi-party semi-quantum simultaneous ascending auction protocol.
  • To address limitations of existing protocols for quantum resource-limited users and multi-item bidding.

Main Methods:

  • A protocol based on single-particle states utilizing a trusted honest third party (HTP).
  • HTP manages quantum state generation, distribution, and security verification.
  • Bidders use quantum measurements for grouping and simple unitary operations for bidding.

Main Results:

  • The protocol supports multi-item simultaneous ascending auctions with resource-constrained bidders.
  • It ensures unconditional security for bid transmission and identity verification.
  • Quantum circuit simulations confirm feasibility and security (anonymity, verifiability, non-repudiation, privacy).

Conclusions:

  • The proposed protocol offers a scalable, secure, and practical solution for simultaneous ascending auctions in semi-quantum environments.
  • It effectively balances quantum security with classical auction logic for real-world applications.