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Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder01:29

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

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The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
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Optimization of an Industrial Sector Regulated by an International Treaty. The Case for Transportation of Perishable Foodstuff.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2021
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Optimizing ATP Isothermal Tests: A Theoretical and Experimental Approach.

Juan P Martínez-Val Piera1, Alberto Ramos Millán2

  • 1Túnel de Frío, Fundación para el Fomento de la Innovación Industrial, Eric Kandel, 1, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study optimizes the ATP Treaty

Keywords:
ATPcontrolled temperatureenergy optimizationisothermal testsoptimizationtransportation

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Heat Transfer
  • Food Science

Background:

  • The International Agreement on the Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs (ATP) Treaty has a lengthy and costly isothermal test for refrigerated containers.
  • The current ATP protocol lacks scientific justification and can be improved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize the ATP isothermal test protocol for qualifying refrigerated containers.
  • To develop a faster, more cost-effective, and scientifically grounded testing method.
  • To reduce test duration while maintaining thermal stabilization accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a heat-transfer framework using transient conduction and thermal diffusivity.
  • Estimated stabilization times using dimensionless criteria.
  • Conducted extensive experimental tests on ATP containers to validate predictions and identify phenomena like air leakage and chimney effects.

Main Results:

  • Proposed a revised protocol reducing test duration from over 18 hours to approximately 2 hours.
  • Reduced uncertainty in determining the global heat-transfer coefficient (K) from 2-2.3% to 0.7-1.0%.
  • Suppressed secondary physical effects like air leakage and latent-heat losses, improving K value representativeness.

Conclusions:

  • The optimized protocol offers a scientifically grounded and cost-effective alternative for ATP standards.
  • The new method significantly reduces testing time and improves accuracy.
  • This advancement enhances the reliability of refrigerated container qualification.