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Reassessing China's Regional Modernization Based on a Grey-Based Evaluation Framework and Spatial Disparity Analysis.
Wenhao Zhou1, Hongxi Lin1, Zhiwei Zhang2
1Business School, Putian University, Putian 351100, China.
Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
Summary
Chinese modernization shows significant regional differences. Eastern provinces lead but are volatile, while central regions converge and western areas diverge, requiring targeted policies for balanced development.
Area of Science:
- Socio-economic development
- Regional science
- Public policy
Background:
- Regional disparities hinder coordinated and sustainable development in China.
- Assessing Chinese-style modernization requires a multi-dimensional approach considering material and institutional factors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and apply a comprehensive framework for evaluating provincial modernization in China (2018-2023).
- To analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of regional modernization and identify key disparities.
Main Methods:
- Integrated grey relational analysis, entropy weighting, and TOPSIS for a multi-dimensional evaluation framework.
- Employed K-Means clustering, kernel density estimation, and convergence analysis to examine modernization patterns.
- Operationalized Chinese-style modernization across five dimensions: population quality, economic strength, social development, ecological sustainability, and innovation/governance.
Main Results:
- Pronounced regional heterogeneity observed, with eastern provinces leading but showing volatility.
- Central provinces demonstrate gradual convergence, while western provinces face widening development gaps.
- Intra-regional analysis reveals uneven development within clusters due to differential resource access and governance capacity.
Conclusions:
- Findings highlight the need for targeted policy interventions to address regional modernization bottlenecks.
- The study provides a data-driven tool for monitoring progress and informing strategies for balanced and sustainable Chinese-style modernization.
- Methodological integration offers theoretical insights and practical guidance for advancing regional development.
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