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Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Streptococcus agalactiae and Their Association with Reduced Penicillin Susceptibility:

Leonardo Nagao Ferreira1, Bruna Alves Pimentel Hecht2, Louisy Sanches Dos Santos3

  • 1Souza Marques Technical Education Foundation, Souza Marques School of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 22793-140, RJ, Brazil.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat. This review highlights increasing penicillin resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae, driven by changes in penicillin-binding proteins, necessitating enhanced monitoring and control measures.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Streptococcus agalactiae causes serious infections, with antimicrobial resistance posing a global public health risk.
  • Penicillin is the primary treatment for invasive S. agalactiae infections, but resistance is emerging worldwide.
  • Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), particularly PBP2X, are implicated in reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams in streptococci.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on penicillin-binding proteins in S. agalactiae.
  • To summarize trends in penicillin susceptibility and resistance in S. agalactiae.
  • To highlight the increasing prevalence of penicillin-resistant strains.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published data.
  • Analysis of studies reporting on penicillin-binding proteins and penicillin susceptibility in S. agalactiae.
  • Identification of geographical distribution of resistant strains.

Main Results:

  • Penicillin-binding protein PBP2X is associated with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams in S. agalactiae.
  • Increasing numbers of S. agalactiae strains exhibit reduced susceptibility and resistance to penicillin.
  • High levels of penicillin resistance in invasive S. agalactiae have been reported in Japan, the US, Canada, and Africa.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging penicillin resistance in S. agalactiae is a significant concern.
  • Increased monitoring of S. agalactiae strains with reduced penicillin susceptibility is crucial.
  • Preventive measures are needed to control the spread of resistant strains.
Keywords:
Streptococcus agalactiaepenicillin-binding proteinreduced penicillin susceptibility

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