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Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
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Sex Disparities in Infective Endocarditis Presentation, Management and Outcomes: A Systematic Review and

Hugh Jacobs1, Arian Arjomandi Rad2, Ahmad Walid Izzat1

  • 1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Bristol Heart Institute, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Men with infective endocarditis (IE) undergo surgery more often and have better survival rates. Women with IE present later with more comorbidities, suggesting a need for sex-specific risk assessment and equitable surgical referral to improve outcomes.

Keywords:
cardiac surgerygender disparitiesinfective endocarditismeta-analysismortalitysex differencessystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Sex Differences in Medicine

Background:

  • Sex-based disparities in infective endocarditis (IE) presentation, management, and outcomes require further characterization.
  • Existing evidence on sex differences in IE is systematically evaluated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate current evidence on sex differences in the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE).

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review and meta-analysis adhering to PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines.
  • Searched major databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar) up to October 2024.
  • Analyzed 24 studies encompassing 139,952 patients (79,698 men, 60,254 women).

Main Results:

  • Men presented younger with higher rates of substance abuse and CAD; women had more hypertension, diabetes, and prior valvular disease.
  • Men were 65% more likely to undergo surgery; women received predominantly medical management.
  • Men had lower in-hospital and 1-year mortality, while women experienced more heart failure and longer ICU stays.

Conclusions:

  • Men with IE had higher surgical rates and better short- and long-term survival.
  • Women with IE presented later, with greater comorbidity and higher complication rates.
  • Improved recognition of sex-specific risks and equitable surgical referral are crucial for enhancing IE outcomes.