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Biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Traditional Serology to Precision Medicine Integration
Muhammad Soyfoo1, Julie Sarrand1
1Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
Summary
Emerging biomarkers like 14-3-3η protein and calprotectin are advancing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis and treatment. These novel markers, alongside imaging and multi-omic data, are key to precision medicine in RA care.
Area of Science:
- Rheumatology and Immunology
- Biomarker Discovery
- Precision Medicine
Background:
- The rheumatoid arthritis (RA) biomarker field is shifting towards integrated, multimodal strategies for precision medicine.
- Traditional markers are being supplemented by emerging biomarkers across various domains.
Purpose of the Study:
- To critically evaluate emerging biomarkers in RA for clinical readiness.
- To distinguish biomarkers requiring further development from those ready for clinical application.
Main Methods:
- A narrative review of literature published between 2000 and 2024 was conducted.
- Focus on biomarkers relevant to clinical decision-making in RA.
Main Results:
- 14-3-3η protein and anti-carbamylated antibodies show promise for seronegative RA and prognostication.
- Calprotectin aids in disease activity monitoring and treatment de-escalation.
- Musculoskeletal ultrasound and MRI bone marrow edema are valuable imaging biomarkers.
- Multi-biomarker scores lack outcome trial validation; synovial pathotyping is investigational.
- Genetic, epigenetic, and metabolomic markers remain in early development.
Conclusions:
- Novel biomarkers like 14-3-3η and calprotectin can inform seronegative RA diagnosis and de-escalation.
- Ultrasound is useful for remission verification.
- Emerging biomarkers for cardiovascular risk and venous thromboembolism in RA are critical unmet needs.
Keywords:
14-3-3ηMRIanti-citrullinated protein antibodiesbiomarkerscalprotectinmulti-biomarker disease activityprecision medicinerheumatoid arthritistreat-to-targetultrasoundMore Related Videos
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