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Related Concept Videos

Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

43.0K
Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
43.0K
Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

7.1K
Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
7.1K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

49.2K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
49.2K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

4.9K
Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
4.9K
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

8.9K
The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
8.9K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base01:30

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

4.5K
In titrating a weak acid with a strong base, different calculation methods are applied at various stages. Initially, the pH of a weak acid like acetic acid is calculated using its dissociation constant (Ka) and an ICE table. Upon addition of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, a buffer forms, and its pH is determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. As more base is added and the titration reaches the halfway point, the pH becomes equal to the pKa of the acid, indicating equal...
4.5K

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Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
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Intrinsic Asymmetry in Weak Acid Transmembrane Transporters.

Emmi Jaeger1, Sebastian Buss1, Eric Beitz1

  • 1Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.

Biomolecules
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Asymmetric transporter structures can bias substrate movement across membranes, influencing cell function. This review explores mechanisms of biased transmembrane transport and its physiological roles.

Keywords:
Warburg effectaquaporinasymmetrybasiginchannelfacilitatorlactatemonocarboxylateprotontransmembrane transport

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Physiology

Background:

  • Transmembrane transporters facilitate substrate movement, establishing concentration gradients.
  • Structural asymmetry in transporters or interactions with partner proteins can bias transport directionality.
  • This bias can alter transmembrane equilibrium and cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of asymmetric secondary active transmembrane transport.
  • To discuss the physiological contexts in which biased transport occurs.
  • To highlight experimentally established cases and potential overlooked examples of transport directionality bias.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental studies on transporter asymmetry and directionality.
  • Analysis of specific examples including LacY, EAAC1, Lyp1, and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs).
  • Discussion of molecular properties like asymmetric binding affinities and biased open probabilities.

Main Results:

  • Protein-intrinsic properties and interactions with ancillary proteins can lead to biased transport directionality.
  • Examples include bacterial lactose transporter (LacY), amino acid transporters (EAAC1, Lyp1), and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs).
  • Modulation of human MCTs by basigin shedding selectively enhances lactate export, impacting the Warburg effect in cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Asymmetric secondary active transport is a significant mechanism influencing cellular physiology.
  • Understanding transport directionality bias is crucial for comprehending various biological processes, including cancer metabolism.
  • Further investigation into potential overlooked instances of biased transport is warranted.