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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Scavenging for Hydroxybenzoic Acids in Cupriavidus necator: Studying Ligand Sensitivity Using a Biosensor-Based

Ingrida Sabaliauske1, Ernesta Augustiniene1, Rizkallah Al Akiki Dit Al Mazraani1

  • 1Bioprocess Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų Street 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania.

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A new biosensor accurately measures how Cupriavidus necator activates genes for degrading hydroxybenzoic acids. This tool reveals high sensitivity to 2-hydroxybenzoate and 4-hydroxybenzoate, aiding environmental analysis and metabolic engineering.

Keywords:
2-hydroxybenzoate4-hydroxybenzoateCupriavidus necatorhydroxybenzoic acidtranscription factor-based biosensor

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Bacteria like Cupriavidus necator degrade organic compounds, but rapid identification tools are needed.
  • Hydroxybenzoic acids are important environmental substrates funneled into central metabolic pathways.
  • Understanding bacterial gene activation in response to these compounds is crucial for environmental and metabolic studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a transcription-factor (TF)-based biosensor for quantifying bacterial gene activation by hydroxybenzoic acids.
  • To evaluate the sensitivity of Cupriavidus necator's catabolic gene response to different hydroxybenzoic acids.
  • To inform metabolic engineering strategies and understand bacterial adaptation to carbon sources.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a TF-based biosensor combining ligand-bound regulator activity with a fluorescent reporter.
  • Quantification of gene activation thresholds (ACmin) and half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) for hydroxybenzoic acids.
  • Application of the biosensor to Cupriavidus necator to assess its sensitivity to 2-hydroxybenzoate (2-HBA), 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HBA), and 3-hydroxybenzoate (3-HBA).

Main Results:

  • The biosensor successfully quantified gene activation sensitivity to hydroxybenzoic acids.
  • Cupriavidus necator exhibited high sensitivity to 2-HBA (ACmin: 4.8 μM, EC50: 19.91 μM) and 4-HBA (ACmin: 2.4 μM, EC50: 13.06 μM).
  • Low thresholds and EC50 values suggest a scavenging characteristic of the associated catabolism.

Conclusions:

  • TF-based biosensors are effective for mapping bacterial sensing ranges of environmental compounds.
  • The study advances understanding of gene expression regulation evolution in response to carbon source availability.
  • Findings can guide metabolic engineering by predicting pathway activation and substrate hierarchies.