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Surfaces of revolution are formed when a two-dimensional curve is rotated around an axis, producing a three-dimensional shape. This concept is used in engineering tasks like determining the surface area of a rocket nozzle, where precise calculations are critical for applying uniform heat-resistant coatings. When a curve is revolved about the x-axis, it sweeps out a continuous surface whose area must be calculated accurately to estimate material requirements.Approximating with Conical BandsTo...
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Volumes of irregularly shaped objects can be systematically determined using the concept of solids of revolution. This approach begins with a region defined by a curve in a two-dimensional plane. When this region is rotated about a fixed line, known as the axis of revolution, it generates a three-dimensional object with rotational symmetry. Such objects frequently arise in mathematical modeling, physics, and engineering applications.When the region being rotated lies directly against the axis...
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From Transcriptome to Therapy: The ncRNA Revolution in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Jiayi Zhao1, Shanshan Li2, Xin Jin2,3

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.

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|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) like autism and ADHD. They offer promising avenues for early diagnosis and novel RNA-based therapies.

Keywords:
RNA therapeuticsbiomarkersneurodevelopmental disordersnon-coding RNAtranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and intellectual disability (ID) stem from disrupted molecular processes in brain development.
  • While genetics play a role, post-transcriptional and epigenetic factors, particularly non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are crucial in NDD pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of diverse non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in neural development and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).
  • To highlight the potential of ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NDDs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of multi-omics, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics studies on ncRNA function in neural differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and circuit formation.
  • Analysis of circulating ncRNAs in extracellular vesicles for disease association.
  • Examination of emerging RNA-based therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, piRNAs, tsRNAs) are central regulators of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and circuit maturation.
  • ncRNAs fine-tune gene expression via chromatin accessibility, transcription, and translation.
  • Circulating ncRNAs show disease-specific signatures, indicating biomarker potential.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are critical determinants in NDDs, linking genome regulation, environmental factors, and neural plasticity.
  • ncRNAs represent a promising frontier for developing next-generation diagnostics and therapeutics for NDDs.