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Understanding Athlete Emotions: A Psychometric Approach to the AEQ-S in Sports
María-Jesús Lirola1, Rubén Trigueros1, José Manuel Aguilar Parra1
1Department of Psychology, Health Research Centre, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
Brain Sciences
|January 28, 2026
Summary
The Achievement Emotions Questionnaire-Short (AEQ-S) was adapted for Spanish athletes, proving to be a valid tool for measuring emotions like enjoyment and anxiety. This validated questionnaire supports sports psychology research and practice.
Area of Science:
- Sports Psychology
- Psychometrics
Background:
- Emotions significantly influence athlete decision-making and performance.
- Reliable assessment tools are crucial for understanding athlete emotional states.
Purpose of the Study:
- To adapt and validate the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire-Short (AEQ-S) for the Spanish sports context.
- To ensure the AEQ-S accurately measures emotions in professional athletes.
Main Methods:
- The AEQ-S was administered to 998 professional athletes.
- Adaptation followed the Hambleton method with expert input.
- Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, reliability, and validity tests were performed.
Main Results:
- The AEQ-S demonstrated a consistent factor structure in the sports context.
- Eight key emotions were identified: enjoyment, hope, pride, anxiety, anger, shame, hopelessness, and boredom.
- Positive emotions correlated with resilience; negative emotions showed an inverse relationship.
Conclusions:
- The adapted AEQ-S is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing athlete emotions.
- The questionnaire is suitable for both research and practical applications in sports psychology.
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