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An Eye-Tracking Study of Pain Perception Toward Faces with Visible Differences.

Pauline Rasset1, Loy Séry2, Marine Granjon3

  • 1Univ Rennes, Université Rennes 2, LP3C (Laboratoire de Psychologie: Cognition, Comportement, Communication)-UR1285, F-35000 Rennes, France.

Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visible facial differences (VFDs) draw attention away from key facial features. Surprisingly, observers perceive more pain in individuals with VFDs, potentially due to stereotypes.

Keywords:
eye-trackinggaze behaviorpain evaluationpublic stigmavisible difference

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Perception

Background:

  • Public stigma towards visible facial differences (VFDs) impacts social interactions.
  • VFDs alter face perception, directing attention to the difference and away from internal facial features.
  • Internal facial features are crucial for conveying emotional information, including pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how gaze behavior is affected by visible facial differences (VFDs).
  • To examine if attention biases caused by VFDs influence pain perception.
  • To understand the role of stereotypes in interpreting emotions of individuals with VFDs.

Main Methods:

  • An eye-tracking experiment was conducted with 44 participants.
  • Participants viewed faces with and without VFDs, expressing or not expressing pain.
  • Gaze behavior was recorded, and participants rated perceived pain intensity.

Main Results:

  • Visible facial differences (VFDs) significantly diverted participants' attention away from internal, pain-relevant facial features.
  • Participants perceived greater pain in faces with VFDs, irrespective of actual pain expression.
  • This suggests pain inference was driven by stereotypes associated with VFDs, not facial expressions.

Conclusions:

  • Attention biases associated with VFDs can lead to misinterpretations of emotional states.
  • Stereotypes about visible facial differences may influence pain perception and emotional interpretation.
  • Findings offer insights into the social perception and emotional interpretation of individuals with VFDs.