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Inflammation01:38

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites
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Unregulated Substance Abuse and Systemic Inflammation Markers: A Review.

Carmen Lara-Apolinario1,2, Jose Barroso1,3, Jose Carlos Rodríguez-Gallego1

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Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
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Summary

Systemic inflammation markers, particularly the neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR), are linked to substance abuse disorders. Higher NLR values were observed in users of methamphetamine and opioids, indicating a potential biomarker for addiction.

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NLRPLRabusesystemic inflammationunregulated substance

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Clinical toxicology
  • Inflammation and immunology

Background:

  • Substance addiction is a complex disorder with significant public health implications.
  • The role of systemic inflammation in addiction pathophysiology requires further clarification.
  • Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an emerging inflammatory biomarker.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize evidence on the association between unregulated substance addiction and systemic inflammatory parameters.
  • To evaluate the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a potential biomarker in substance abuse disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, registered in PROSPERO.
  • Searched PubMed and Scopus databases (July 2025) for studies on substance use and inflammatory biomarkers (2015-2025).
  • Included 15 studies, assessing methodological quality with the STROBE checklist.

Main Results:

  • Elevated NLR and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) observed in methamphetamine and opioid users.
  • Increased NLR reported in cocaine abuse, though evidence is limited.
  • Inconsistent findings regarding the association between cannabis use and NLR.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic inflammation markers are associated with substance abuse disorders.
  • The current evidence base is limited, highlighting the need for robust, prospective clinical trials.
  • NLR shows potential as a biomarker in addiction, warranting further investigation.