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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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Embryonic Thermal Manipulation Affects Neurodevelopment and Induces Heat Tolerance in Layers.

Zixuan Fan1,2, Yuchen Jie1,2, Bowen Niu1,2

  • 1Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.

Genes
|January 28, 2026
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Summary

Embryonic thermal manipulation (ETM) enhances heat tolerance in poultry but negatively impacts hatchability and brain development. This study reveals ETM

Keywords:
embryonic thermal manipulationheat tolerancelayermolecular regulatory networkneurodevelopment

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Poultry industry faces significant heat stress challenges impacting animal welfare and economic sustainability.
  • Embryonic thermal manipulation (ETM) is a proposed strategy to improve chick heat tolerance, but its effects on layers require further investigation.
  • The impact of ETM on growth performance and neurodevelopment remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To verify the efficacy of ETM in enhancing heat tolerance in layer chickens.
  • To investigate the effects of ETM on hatching performance, growth, and neurodevelopment.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying ETM's effects on the brain and hypothalamus.

Main Methods:

  • White Leghorn embryos were subjected to ETM at 39.5 °C during embryonic days 13-18.
  • Hatch traits, thermotolerance, morphometrics, and histopathology of brain sections were assessed.
  • Whole brain and hypothalamic transcriptomic profiling identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with key genes validated by RT-qPCR.

Main Results:

  • ETM reduced hatchability, increased deformities, and decreased growth rates.
  • ETM-treated chicks showed delayed panting and lower cloacal temperatures under heat stress, indicating improved thermotolerance.
  • Histopathology revealed impaired neuronal development, while transcriptomics showed altered neurodevelopment, homeostasis, and stress response pathways in the hypothalamus, including changes in HSP70, GPX1, IL-6, apoptotic, DCX, and AGRP gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • ETM enhances heat tolerance in layer chickens but compromises hatching performance and brain development.
  • Widespread perturbations in hypothalamic stress response and neurodevelopmental gene networks were observed.
  • Findings provide mechanistic insights into ETM and a reference for improving poultry thermotolerance.