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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs...
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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
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Trained Immunity in Bladder ILC3s Enhances Mucosal Defense Against Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections.

Qiaoqiao Pei1,2, Jiaqi Liu1,2, Ziwen Tang1,2

  • 1Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.

Biomedicines
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) are challenging due to weak immunity. This study shows bladder innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) develop trained immunity after infection, improving defense against repeat bacterial invasions.

Keywords:
group 3 innate lymphoid cellsinnate immune memorytrained immunityurinary tract infectionuropathogenic Escherichia coli

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Urology

Background:

  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common globally, with recurrent UTIs (rUTIs) presenting significant challenges due to inadequate protective immunity.
  • The role of trained immunity in bladder-resident group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) against uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is not understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if ILC3s develop trained immunity after UPEC exposure.
  • To determine the contribution of ILC3-trained immunity to mucosal defense against rUTIs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ILC3 counts in human and murine bladders following UPEC infection.
  • Establishment of a recurrent UTI mouse model with adoptive transfer of naive and trained ILC3s.
  • Assessment of bacterial loads, histopathology, barrier function, inflammation, and cytokine/antimicrobial peptide production.

Main Results:

  • Primary UPEC infection induced ILC3 expansion in bladders.
  • Secondary UPEC challenge resulted in trained immunity in ILC3s, enhancing proliferation and IL-17A/IL-22 production.
  • Trained ILC3s improved urothelial barrier integrity and reduced inflammation by upregulating antimicrobial peptides and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions:

  • UPEC primes bladder ILC3s through trained immunity, enhancing IL-17A and IL-22 mediated protection against recurrent infections.
  • This study reveals ILC3-trained immunity as a novel endogenous defense mechanism against rUTIs.
  • Findings provide a foundation for developing new immunotherapies targeting rUTIs.