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Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge01:15

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The utilization of strain gauges as transducers for converting mechanical strain into electrical signals is a common practice in various engineering applications. These strain gauges are frequently integrated into Wheatstone bridge circuits to accurately measure parameters such as force or pressure. Within this context, each element within the circuit exhibits a resistance that undergoes subtle variations when subjected to mechanical strain. The primary objective is to convert minuscule...
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The bridge rectifier is essential in electronics for efficiently converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Comprised of four diodes configured in a bridge layout, this rectifier effectively processes both the positive and negative halves of the AC waveform, making it superior to half-wave and full-wave center-tapped rectifiers in terms of voltage regulation and output stability.
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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Bridging the Gap in Pain Measurement with a Brain-Based Index.

Colince Meli Segning1, Abderaouf Bouhali1, Luis Vicente Franco de Oliveira2

  • 1Laboratoire de Recherche Biomécanique et Neurophysiologique en Réadaptation Neuro-Musculo-Squelettique (Lab BioNR), Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable (CISD), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces Piq-beta (Piqβ), an objective EEG-based index for pain assessment. Piqβ shows high accuracy in identifying pain and complements subjective pain ratings.

Keywords:
Hilbert transformbeta frequency bandcross-sectional designelectroencephalography (EEG)longitudinal designpain identification and quantification (Piq)proposed graded scale for Piqβ

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Current pain assessment relies heavily on subjective self-report, presenting limitations.
  • Objective pain measurement is needed to overcome subjectivity in pain evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an electroencephalography (EEG)-based index, Piq-beta (Piqβ), for objective pain identification and quantification.
  • To assess Piqβ's performance in discriminating pain from no pain and its correlation with subjective pain scores.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, recording resting-state EEG activity.
  • Preprocessed EEG signals and calculated the Piqβ index.
  • Evaluated Piqβ's diagnostic accuracy, correlation with Visual Numeric Rating Scale (VNRS), and temporal tracking capabilities.

Main Results:

  • An optimal Piqβ cutoff of 10% achieved 97.8% sensitivity and 88.2% specificity for pain detection.
  • Piqβ demonstrated a significant correlation with self-reported pain scores (ρ = 0.60, p < 0.0001).
  • The index successfully tracked intra-individual pain fluctuations over time with clinically acceptable agreement.

Conclusions:

  • The Piqβ index offers a reliable, objective measure for pain assessment.
  • Piqβ can serve as a valuable adjunct to subjective pain reporting in clinical and research settings.