The Parasympathetic Nervous System
The Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Signaling
What is a Nervous System?
Parasympathetic Division of the ANS
Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator-induced Mouse Back Pain Model
Published on: September 1, 2023
Daechang Kim1, Jaeeun Ko2, Sungmin Kim2
1Department of Medical Biotechnology, Bio Medi Campus, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea.
Transcutaneous microcurrent stimulation can offer non-pharmacological pain relief by activating the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). Specific 7 Vpp at 1 Hz stimulation significantly increased indicators of PNS activity, confirming its pain-relieving potential.
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