Literature Review on Adsorption Efficiency of Paracetamol on Different Adsorbent Materials

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the most widely used analgesics and antipyretics. Due to its widespread use, it is also one of the chief contaminants in surface water and wastewater, raising a significant environmental concern. Traditional wastewater treatment systems are ineffective at removing pharmaceutical residues, which makes it necessary to search for alternative methods. One of the promising techniques is adsorption which is valued for its simplicity, cost-effectiveness and high efficiency. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the adsorption efficiency of paracetamol on various adsorbent materials. The physical and chemical mechanisms of adsorption are discussed together with the factors affecting the efficiency, such as pH, temperature and ionic strength. Of the materials tested, activated carbon shows the greatest efficiency, but nanomaterials, biocomposites, clays and zeolites also give promising results. The potential of emerging materials, including modified silica, polymer-grafted nanocomposites and biosorbents derived from waste biomass is also explored. Special attention is paid to regeneration capabilities and environmental sustainability. The study emphasizes the importance of adsorption as a technique for enhancing the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater and mitigating ecological risks.