TLR9 Inhibition Shortly After Mating Increases Fetal Resorption and Alters B- and T-Cell Costimulatory Phenotypes in...

Maternal immune tolerance and controlled inflammatory responses are essential for fetal development and successful pregnancy. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells with regulatory properties (Bregs) maintain this balance by limiting excessive immune activation through the secretion of anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35. Moreover, alterations in the costimulatory potential of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including B cells, modulate the activation and differentiation of T cells. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR9, influence B-cell antigen presentation and cytokine production, thereby affecting the balance between pro-inflammatory and tolerogenic responses at the maternal-fetal interface. TLR9 overexpression has been observed in several pregnancy-related disorders in both humans and murine models. In this study, we examine whether blocking TLR9 shortly after mating could improve pregnancy outcomes and modulate the regulatory and antigen-presenting functions of B cells, as well as their interactions with T cells. Using an abortion-prone murine model (CBA/J × DBA/2J), we show that intraperitoneal administration of a TLR9 antagonist (ODN 2088) shortly after mating increases embryo resorption in CBA/J females compared to controls without affecting implantation. Flow cytometry analysis further reveals that mice receiving the TLR9 antagonist are characterized by downregulation of CD80 and upregulation of CD86 on B cells, accompanied by reduced expression of CD40L and CD28 on T cells, as well as a lower percentage of Tregs and activated T cells. In conclusion, blocking TLR9 signaling shortly after mating does not improve pregnancy outcomes; conversely, it exacerbates pregnancy loss in the CBA/J × DBA/2J abortion-prone model, while altering the costimulatory phenotype of B and T cells and impairing Treg development during pregnancy.