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Sex- and Regio-Specific Lipid Profiling of Shishamo and Capelin Fish by Nontargeted Liquid Chromatography/Mass
Yusuke Minami1, Siddabasave Gowda B Gowda2,3, Divyavani Gowda2
1Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
Abstract:
Shishamo smelt (Spirinchus lanceolatus), which is endemic to Hokkaido, Japan, is frequently substituted in markets with morphologically similar capelin (Mallotus villosus) imported from abroad. Lipids are essential nutrients that play important roles in fish authenticity, validation, and nutritional assessment. Although shishamo has long been consumed in Japan, its region-specific lipid distribution and composition are different from those of capelin and have not been well explored. To overcome these gaps, we used untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to profile sex- and region-specific lipids in the Japanese S. lanceolatus and Nordic M. villosus. The results revealed that female S. lanceolatus heads exhibited high triacylglycerol (TAG) content, closely resembling roe composition. Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were enriched in the female S. lanceolatus viscera. Multivariate analysis identified monounsaturated fatty acids, such as fatty acid (FA) 22:1 and FA 20:1, as robust discriminatory markers between S. lanceolatus and M. villosus. Overall, sex- and regiospecific differences in lipid composition between the two species were correlated and compared. These lipidomic signatures provide a basis for verifying species authenticity and geographic origin, while highlighting the nutritional lipid potential of S. lanceolatus, particularly from the female viscera.
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