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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
Enteral administration involves drug administration via the mouth in two ways: orally or sublingually.
Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

9.5K
Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration01:12

Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration

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The two-compartment model for extravascular administration represents a drug's absorption and distribution process. It features a central compartment, where the drug is first absorbed, and a peripheral compartment, which illustrates the drug's distribution throughout the body. The rate of change in drug concentration in the central compartment is calculated by three exponents: absorption, distribution, and elimination.
The absorption exponent (ka) indicates the speed at which the drug...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

588

Non-Invasive Surfactant Administration in Preterm Infants.

Faten Budajaja1, Nadine Lahage1, Ivan L Hand1

  • 1New York City Health & Hospitals/Kings County, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Less invasive surfactant administration strategies reduce the need for mechanical ventilation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Further research is needed to optimize techniques and assess long-term outcomes.

Keywords:
BPDInSurELMARDSSALSAnebulizationoropharyngealpretermrespiratory distress syndromesurfactant

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Pediatric Pulmonology

Background:

  • Traditional surfactant replacement therapy for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) involves endotracheal intubation, posing risks of complications and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
  • Development of less invasive surfactant administration strategies is crucial to mitigate these risks in preterm infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and evaluate current literature on less invasive surfactant delivery techniques for RDS in preterm infants.
  • To assess the feasibility, efficacy, and short- and long-term neonatal outcomes of these techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of less invasive surfactant administration methods: InSurE, Less Invasive Surfactant Therapy/Minimally Invasive Surfactant Therapy (LISA/MIST), surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (SALSA/LMA), pharyngeal administration, and nebulized surfactant.
  • Comparison of key outcomes: mechanical ventilation rates, BPD incidence, procedural complications, and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Non-invasive surfactant administration is linked to reduced mechanical ventilation and lower BPD rates compared to conventional methods.
  • LISA/MIST shows consistent benefits in reducing mechanical ventilation and BPD.
  • Other techniques like LMA-assisted delivery and nebulization show potential but require further investigation due to device limitations and study heterogeneity.
  • Long-term neurodevelopmental data are limited across all techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Non-invasive surfactant administration is a significant advancement in RDS management.
  • Further high-quality studies are needed to optimize patient selection, standardize techniques, and evaluate long-term neurodevelopmental effects.
  • Development of safe and effective delivery devices is essential for widespread adoption.