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The Nucleosome02:33

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DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of compaction possible, DNA is organized into several sequential levels so that it can fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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Correction: Xu et al. Nucleosome Clustering as a Biomarker and Mechanistic Switch for Reprogramming Cells. <i>Cells</i> 2026, <i>15</i>, 113.

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Detection of Post-translational Modifications on Native Intact Nucleosomes by ELISA
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Nucleosome Clustering as a Biomarker and Mechanistic Switch for Reprogramming Cells.

Zhaoyuan Xu1,2, Yinzhi Xu1,2, Baiyan Li1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.

Cells
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biophysical stimuli reprogram osteosarcoma cells into tumor-suppressing cells by decondensing chromatin. This chromatin remodeling, involving nucleosome scattering, is key to reprogramming the tumor microenvironment.

Keywords:
OPN4Piezo1electrical fieldsiTS cellsnucleosome clusteringoptical pulsesvibration

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Chromatin architecture is dynamic and crucial for cellular function.
  • Osteosarcoma progression is influenced by the tumor microenvironment.
  • Cellular plasticity and reprogramming are potential therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nanoscale chromatin organization and cellular plasticity in osteosarcoma cells.
  • To explore the effects of biophysical stimuli on chromatin structure and cell reprogramming.
  • To identify epigenetic modifications associated with induced tumor-suppressing (iTS) cells.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) for nanoscale visualization.
  • Application of mechanical vibration, electrical stimulation, and optical pulses.
  • Pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases (Trichostatin A) and methyltransferases (chaetocin).

Main Results:

  • Biophysical stimuli enlarged nuclear size and disrupted nuclear envelope integrity.
  • All stimuli induced transient nucleosome scattering, indicating chromatin decondensation.
  • iTS cells showed elevated histone demethylase expression (KDM3A, KDM4) and reduced H3K9me3.
  • Pharmacological agents also induced nucleosome scattering and iTS cell conversion.

Conclusions:

  • Nucleosome clustering is a responsive epigenetic feature to biophysical and chemical cues.
  • Chromatin decondensation is a hallmark of induced tumor-suppressing cell generation.
  • Microscale chromatin remodeling plays a role in reprogramming the tumor microenvironment for therapeutic benefit.