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Related Concept Videos

Drug Classes and Categories01:25

Drug Classes and Categories

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Drugs can be classified according to their chemical composition or their intended therapeutic application. For instance, anti-infective agents that possess the ability to eliminate pathogens or suppress their growth and reproduction can be grouped based on the organisms they target or their chemical structure. Furthermore, drugs can be divided into prescription, nonprescription, or controlled substances. Prescription medications, such as antibiotics, require oversight from a licensed healthcare...
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Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
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Thiazide diuretics are sulfonamide derivatives featuring a benzothiadiazine ring system in their molecular structure. Based on this structure, thiazide diuretics can be categorized into two groups: thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics. Thiazide-type diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide, consist of a benzothiadiazine backbone with an attached sulfonamide group. Thiazide-like diuretics, such as chlorthalidone and indapamide, lack the thiazide ring but demonstrate...
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order...
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The Roles of Bacteria and Fungi in Plant Nutrition02:11

The Roles of Bacteria and Fungi in Plant Nutrition

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Plants have the impressive ability to create their own food through photosynthesis. However, plants often require assistance from organisms in the soil to acquire the nutrients they need to function correctly. Both bacteria and fungi have evolved symbiotic relationships with plants that help the species to thrive in a wide variety of environments.
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CD83 suppresses endogenous March-I-dependent MHC class II ubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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MHC Class II and Beyond: Complex Role of CD74 in Cancer.

Joanna Bandola-Simon1, Paul A Roche1

  • 1Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Cells
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Invariant chain (CD74) is a key regulator of antigen presentation in cancer, influencing immune interactions and therapeutic responses. This review explores CD74

Keywords:
CD74MHC class IIMIFantigen presentationcancerimmunotherapyinvariant chain

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Invariant chain (CD74) is crucial for Major Histocompatibility Complex class II assembly and peptide loading in antigen-presenting cells.
  • Emerging research highlights CD74's broader role in cancer, affecting antigen presentation, cytokine signaling, and immune evasion.
  • Tumor microenvironments significantly influence CD74 biology and its impact on antitumor immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize evidence on CD74's multifaceted role in cancer immunology.
  • To explore CD74's function as a "master regulator" of antigen presentation in diverse cancers.
  • To examine how CD74 integrates canonical and noncanonical functions in the tumor context.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent studies on CD74 in cancer.
  • Analysis of CD74's involvement in antigen presentation, cytokine signaling, and immune evasion.
  • Exploration of CD74's regulatory roles in transcription and signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • CD74 acts as a master regulator of antigen presentation in cancer.
  • CD74 integrates chaperone functions with transcriptional regulation and signaling via macrophage migration inhibitory factor.
  • Tumor microenvironmental factors modulate CD74's impact on antitumor immunity and treatment outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • CD74 plays a pivotal role in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment.
  • Understanding CD74's complex biology is essential for developing effective cancer immunotherapies.
  • CD74 represents a promising therapeutic target for enhancing antitumor responses.