Organic Amendments Regulate Soil Bacterial Diversity and Cooperative Network Structure in Reclaimed Coal Gangue Soil

Restoring soil microbial functioning in reclaimed coal gangue soils is critical for ecosystem recovery, yet how different organic amendments, particularly industrial by-products, regulate bacterial communities remains unclear. Here, we tested three organic inputs-the residue after evaporation (RAE) from vitamin C production, Trichoderma inoculation, and cattle manure-applied alone and in combination in a photovoltaic agroforestry system on coal gangue spoil. Our results indicate that the treatment based on manure increased bacterial α-diversity and favored taxa associated with organic matter transformation, including Actinobacteria and Acidobacteriota, suggesting expanded niche partitioning in response to heterogeneous substrates and nutrients. RAE alone supported communities closer to non-manure controls but, when co-applied with manure, further enhanced network connectivity and the prevalence of positive associations, indicating strengthened cooperative interactions and functional redundancy. In contrast, RAE combined with Trichoderma in the absence of manure reduced diversity, and simplified the co-occurrence network, suggesting resource monopolization and antagonism. Overall, RAE acted as a key driver of microbial cooperation and potential ecosystem resilience, and RAE-based amendments, particularly when integrated with manure, appear to be effective strategies for improving soil microbial functionality in degraded coal gangue soils.