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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Lipids01:32

Membrane Lipids

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Lipids are an essential component of all biological membranes. The average lipid content in mammalian membranes is 50%, though it can be as low as 20% in the inner mitochondrial membrane or as high as 80% in the myelin sheath present around the nerve cells.
Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin are the most common phospholipids present in mammalian membranes. At physiological pH, phosphatidylserine is negatively charged, while the other three...
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Structure of Lipids03:38

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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic...
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The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro
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Selective Budding of SARS-CoV-Like Particles from Glycolipid-Enriched Membrane Lipid Rafts and Host Gene Modulation.

Manoj K Pastey1, Yue Huang2, Barney Graham2

  • 1Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.

Microorganisms
|January 28, 2026
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Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) assembly utilizes lipid rafts, specialized membrane microdomains, for efficient virus-like particle (VLP) budding. Disrupting these rafts hinders SARS-CoV VLP formation, suggesting raft-targeting strategies for antiviral development.

Keywords:
ERGIC/Golgi membranesSARS-CoVcholesterol-rich microdomainscoronavirus morphogenesishost gene modulationlipid raftsspike proteinviral assemblyvirus-like particles (VLPs)

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The assembly and budding sites of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) are not fully understood.
  • Specific membrane microdomains involved in SARS-CoV morphogenesis remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of membrane microdomains, specifically lipid rafts, in the assembly and budding of SARS-CoV.
  • To determine if SARS-CoV structural proteins S, M, and N utilize lipid rafts during virus-like particle (VLP) formation.

Main Methods:

  • Co-expression of SARS-CoV structural proteins (S, M, N) in HEK-293T cells to generate VLPs.
  • Immunofluorescence microscopy with raft-selective dyes and spike-specific antibodies.
  • Detergent-resistant membrane analysis and sucrose gradient centrifugation.
  • Pharmacological disruption of lipid rafts using methyl-β-cyclodextrin.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV VLPs preferentially budded from glycolipid-enriched membrane lipid raft microdomains.
  • Strong co-localization of VLPs and S protein with lipid rafts was observed.
  • Disruption of lipid rafts significantly reduced VLP budding and S protein partitioning.
  • Lipid raft-associated proteins were implicated in supporting viral replication and assembly.

Conclusions:

  • Lipid rafts are essential platforms for SARS-CoV morphogenesis.
  • Targeting lipid rafts presents a potential strategy for developing new vaccines and antiviral therapies against SARS-CoV.