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A Rapid Spheroidizing Annealing Process for High-Carbon Steel.

Bei Li1, Zhi Tong2, Mengying Zhao1

  • 1Research Institute of Technology, Shougang Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100041, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a rapid spheroidizing annealing process for high-carbon steels using low-temperature pretreatment. The method accelerates carbide spheroidization, achieving desired hardness with reduced time and energy.

Keywords:
hardnesshigh carbon steelpre-treatmentspheroidizing annealing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Heat Treatment

Background:

  • Spheroidizing annealing is crucial for high-carbon steels, balancing hardness and machinability.
  • Conventional methods require prolonged annealing times and high energy consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid spheroidizing annealing process for high-carbon steels.
  • To reduce processing time and energy consumption while maintaining material properties.

Main Methods:

  • A novel low-temperature pretreatment followed by subcritical heating was employed.
  • Carbide precipitates in non-equilibrium phases (martensite/lower bainite) were utilized as nucleation sites.
  • Optimized pretreatment temperature at 400 °C.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a homogeneous spheroidized microstructure.
  • Obtained a hardness of 206.7 HV, comparable to conventional annealing.
  • Significantly reduced processing time and energy usage.

Conclusions:

  • The rapid spheroidizing annealing process is effective for high-carbon steels.
  • This method offers a more efficient and sustainable alternative to conventional annealing.
  • The process successfully balances hardness and machinability with reduced resource input.