Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
Published on: February 3, 2021
A Rapid Spheroidizing Annealing Process for High-Carbon Steel
Bei Li1, Zhi Tong2, Mengying Zhao1
1Research Institute of Technology, Shougang Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100041, China.
Abstract:
Spheroidizing annealing is a critical heat treatment process for high-carbon steels to balance hardness and machinability. This study develops a rapid spheroidizing annealing process by employing low-temperature pretreatment followed by subcritical heating. The key is to utilize carbide precipitates from non-equilibrium phases (e.g., martensite/lower bainite) as nucleation sites, thereby accelerating spheroidization. At an optimized pretreatment temperature of 400 °C, the process achieves a homogeneous spheroidized microstructure with a hardness of 206.7 HV, comparable to that obtained via conventional prolonged annealing. This method significantly reduces processing time and energy consumption.
Related Concept Videos
Steel Fastening Techniques
Rivets are cylindrical steel fasteners with a specially designed head. During application, rivets are heated until white-hot and then inserted through pre-drilled holes in the steel sections. A pneumatic hammer is used to shape the exposed end into a second head, securing the sections together.
Bolting is another...
The Carbon Cycle
Steel Manufacturing
During this smelting process, limestone plays a crucial role by forming slag. Slag captures impurities within the molten iron, such...
Carbon Skeletons
Structural Steel Products
Once shaped, the steel's final form emerges as a continuous length, which is then segmented by a hot saw into manageable pieces. These segments...
Mechanical Characteristics of Steel
The tension test is fundamental for determining tensile strength. In this test, a steel specimen is stretched using a gripping device until it breaks. The data collected during this test are used...

