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Defect-Selective Luminescence in Hydroxyapatite Under Electron and Gallium Ion Beams.

Verónica J Huerta1, Fabián Martínez2, Hanna M Ochoa1

  • 1Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada C.P. 22800, Baja California, Mexico.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
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Electron and ion irradiation selectively alter luminescence in calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (HAp). This defect engineering approach offers new possibilities for tailoring HAp

Keywords:
defect engineeringelectron irradiationhydroxyapatitehydroxyl vacanciesion irradiationoxygen vacancies

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Luminescence Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a crucial biomaterial with optical properties influenced by defects.
  • Understanding defect-luminescence relationships is key to optimizing HAp applications.
  • Irradiation is a potential method for controlled modification of HAp properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the defect-selective luminescence response of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (HAp) under electron and ion irradiation.
  • To analyze the impact of irradiation on defect-related luminescence using photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) techniques.
  • To explore irradiation as a tool for defect engineering in HAp.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of compacted HAp pellets from hydrothermally grown nanofibers.
  • Photoluminescence (PL) and Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy before and after irradiation.
  • Low-energy electron beam irradiation (15 keV) and Ga+ ion irradiation (30 keV).
  • Monochromatic transient CL measurements to analyze luminescence decay dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Electron irradiation induced a two-stage luminescence response: initial enhancement of OH-related bands (2.57, 2.95 eV) due to vacancy activation, followed by decay from annealing.
  • Ion irradiation led to monotonic luminescence quenching, primarily by annealing oxygen vacancies in PO43- groups.
  • Decay constants indicated faster annealing of activated OH-channel vacancies compared to other defect centers.
  • Irradiation demonstrated selective control over different luminescence bands in HAp.

Conclusions:

  • Irradiation acts as a versatile tool for defect engineering in hydroxyapatite, enabling selective modification of luminescence.
  • Electron-induced activation and ion-driven suppression provide complementary pathways for defect control.
  • These findings offer fundamental insights into vacancy stability and open avenues for tailoring HAp's optical, sensing, and bioimaging functionalities.