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Adhesion01:14

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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Microtubule function and architecture are regulated by an array of specialized proteins called microtubule-associated proteins or MAPs. These proteins are widespread across different organisms and have conserved protein motifs, like the multi-TOG domain for tubulin binding found in the CLASP family of MAPs. Some MAPs are lineage-specific based on their conserved domains. Their functions depend upon the cytoskeletal architecture and cell type they are located within. In-plant cells, a specific...
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Subsurface Fracture Mapping in Adhesive Interfaces Using Terahertz Spectroscopy.

Mahavir Singh1, Sushrut Karmarkar1, Marco Herbsommer1

  • 1School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
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Summary

This study introduces terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) to map subsurface cracks in adhesive joints. THz-TDS provides accurate fracture toughness measurements by revealing non-uniform crack growth invisible to surface methods.

Keywords:
epoxyfracture toughnesssub-surface crack detectionterahertz time domain spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Non-destructive Testing

Background:

  • Adhesive fracture in layered materials is difficult to study due to subsurface crack evolution.
  • Surface-based diagnostics like digital image correlation fail with complex crack geometries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for direct subsurface crack-front mapping in opaque adhesive joints.
  • To improve the accuracy of fracture toughness measurements in layered structures.

Main Methods:

  • Combining terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) with double-cantilever beam testing.
  • Utilizing strontium titanate-doped epoxy for enhanced dielectric contrast.
  • Applying multilayer refractive index extraction and image enhancement techniques.

Main Results:

  • Successfully mapped subsurface crack-front geometry and resolved crack openings down to 100 μm.
  • Observed non-uniform crack advance and curvature, impacting fracture toughness calculations.
  • Demonstrated that surface measurements can lead to inaccurate fracture toughness predictions.

Conclusions:

  • THz-TDS is a viable quantitative tool for subsurface fracture mechanics.
  • This method enables physically representative toughness measurements in bonded structures.
  • Accurate fracture toughness determination requires accounting for subsurface crack geometry.