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Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
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Prevalence of PD-1 Inhibitor-Associated Peripheral Neuropathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Suma Ganji-Angirekula1, Nicole W Segada2, Prit Hasan3

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor immunotherapy can cause peripheral neuropathy. This study found a 6.76% prevalence, with higher risks in certain races and ethnicities, and lower risk in smokers.

Keywords:
PD-1 inhibitorimmunotherapyneuropathy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neurology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Immunotherapy, particularly Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, offers significant cancer treatment benefits.
  • A notable side effect is the development of peripheral neuropathy, impacting patient quality of life.
  • Understanding the prevalence and risk factors for PD-1 inhibitor-associated polyneuropathy is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of peripheral neuropathy associated with PD-1 inhibitor use.
  • To identify demographic and clinical factors associated with the development of this adverse event.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, cross-sectional study utilizing electronic medical records (EMR) from MD Anderson Cancer Center.
  • Analysis of 12,092 patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors between March 2016 and June 2023, focusing on immunotherapy monotherapy.
  • Stratification of data to assess associations between neuropathy and patient factors including race, ethnicity, smoking, and diabetes status.

Main Results:

  • A prevalence of 6.76% (95% CI 6.31-7.22) for PD-1 inhibitor-associated neuropathy was observed in 817 out of 12,092 patients.
  • Patients identifying as 'Other' race (OR 1.514, p=0.0189) and non-Hispanic/Latino patients (OR 1.502, p=0.0078) showed a higher prevalence.
  • Current smokers had a significantly lower prevalence of neuropathy compared to never-smokers (OR 0.716, p=0.0368).

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights significant disparities in the prevalence of PD-1 inhibitor-associated peripheral neuropathy based on race, ethnicity, and smoking status.
  • These findings emphasize the need for further research into the underlying genetic and mechanistic factors.
  • Identifying these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapeutic interventions to mitigate neuropathy risk in cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy.