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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
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Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field01:13

Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field

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For a system of charges, it is easy to calculate the system's potential because potential is a scalar quantity. However, in some instances where calculating the electric field is more straightforward than finding the potential, the electric field is used to calculate the system's potential. For a positive charge, the electric field is radially outward, and the potential is positive at any finite distance from the positive charge. In such an electric field, the motion away from the...
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Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential01:12

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The electric field and electric potential are related to each other. If the electric field at various points in the region of interest is known, it can be used to calculate the electric potential difference between any two points. Similarly, if the electric potential is known for various points, then it is possible to calculate the electric field.
In general, regardless of whether the electric field is uniform, it points in the direction of decreasing potential because the force on a positive...
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Current Density01:21

Current Density

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations
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Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations

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Electrical Muscle Stimulation with Russian Current in Chronic Cerebral Ischaemia.

Nelly M A Artamonova1, Alina A Saveko1, Tatiana A Shigueva1

  • 1Russian Federation State Research Center, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS (IBMP), 123007 Moscow, Russia.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) using Russian current improved mobility and balance in elderly patients with chronic cerebral ischaemia. This short-course inpatient therapy showed significant gains in gait, strength, and balance with good tolerability.

Keywords:
Russian currentTinetti testbalancechronic cerebral ischaemiaelectrical muscle stimulationgaitrehabilitationstabilographytimed up and go test

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Chronic cerebral ischaemia often leads to impaired mobility and balance in elderly individuals.
  • Inpatient rehabilitation aims to improve functional outcomes in this population.
  • Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is a potential therapeutic modality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of inpatient electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) using Russian current for improving mobility and balance.
  • To assess the impact of EMS on gait, balance, and muscle strength in elderly patients with chronic cerebral ischaemia.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective, single-centre, controlled observational pilot study.
  • Three groups: EMS + standard care, sham EMS + standard care, and standard care only (control).
  • Intervention involved 3-9 sessions over 2 weeks of EMS to quadriceps and calves; outcomes measured pre/post using Tinetti, Rivermead Mobility Index, Timed Up and Go (TUG), maximal voluntary force (MVF), and stabilography.

Main Results:

  • EMS group demonstrated significant improvements compared to control/sham groups.
  • Key improvements included higher Tinetti and Rivermead scores, faster TUG, and increased MVF.
  • Stabilography showed enhanced balance, particularly in the eyes-closed condition, with reduced sway parameters (L, V, S).

Conclusions:

  • Short-course Russian-current EMS is feasible and well-tolerated in elderly patients with chronic cerebral ischaemia.
  • EMS is associated with clinically meaningful improvements in balance, gait, and strength.
  • Larger, randomized controlled trials are recommended to further validate these findings.