Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Biomedical Engineering
• Translational Medicine

Background:

• Heart failure (HF) is a growing global health challenge, increasing morbidity and mortality.
• Understanding HF pathophysiology, including neurohormonal, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways, is crucial for effective management.
• Traditional risk assessment in HF relies on natriuretic peptides, but novel biomarkers offer enhanced potential.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in heart failure diagnosis and management.
• To highlight the role of novel biomarkers and imaging in risk stratification and phenotyping.
• To discuss the optimization of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) and emerging interventions for HF.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent scientific literature and real-world data on HF.
• Analysis of advances in diagnostic tools, including novel biomarkers and imaging techniques.
• Evaluation of current and emerging therapeutic strategies, including GDMT, adjunctive therapies, and device-based interventions.

Main Results:

• Novel biomarkers and advanced imaging improve HF risk assessment, phenotyping, and stratification.
• Optimization of GDMT and real-world data implementation reduce HF hospitalizations and mortality.
• Emerging device- and transcatheter-based interventions offer expanded treatment options for complex HF cases.

Conclusions:

• Recent advancements signify a shift towards precise, personalized heart failure management.
• Integrated approaches using novel diagnostics and tailored therapies improve long-term outcomes.
• Personalized strategies are key to addressing the increasing burden of heart failure across diverse etiologies.