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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Speed of a Transverse Wave

Speed of a Transverse Wave

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Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

When a material is subjected to uniaxial stress, it elongates or contracts in the direction of the applied force, and also undergoes changes in the perpendicular directions. This behavior is crucial for understanding how materials behave under stress and is governed by mechanical properties such as Poisson's ratio v, which measures the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
As the material stretches, it expands or contracts in orthogonal directions to the load. This phenomenon varies...

Random and Systematic Errors

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...

Systematic Sampling Method

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Transverse Diagnosis and CBCT Technology: A Systematic Review.

Daniel Diez-Rodrigálvarez¹, Elena Bonilla-Morente¹, Alberto-José López-Jiménez^1,2

¹Orthodontic Teaching Unit, Mississippi University Institution, 28010 Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|January 28, 2026

Summary

Transverse discrepancies in orthodontic diagnosis are crucial and can be reliably assessed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This technology offers objective criteria for effective treatment planning.

Keywords:

CBCT orthodontics orthopedics transverse diagnosis

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Area of Science:

Orthodontics
Dental Imaging
Biomechanical Analysis

Background:

Accurate orthodontic diagnosis requires assessment in all three spatial planes, not just the sagittal.
The transverse plane is critical for understanding patient biomechanics and treatment planning.
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables comprehensive 3D imaging for evaluating all planes.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate diagnostic methods for transverse analysis in orthodontics.
To determine the utility of CBCT in assessing transverse discrepancies.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of studies published between 1965 and 2021 from PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases.
Inclusion criteria focused on studies evaluating the transverse plane using CBCT or CT.
Assessment of evidence level (OCEBM) and risk of bias (QUADAS-2).

Main Results:

16 studies were selected from 535 initial articles.
Identified limitations include the absence of a gold standard for transverse discrepancy measurement and variability in diagnostic methods.
Diagnostic techniques, especially CBCT, showed reliability in differentiating dental and skeletal transverse discrepancies.

Conclusions:

Dental and skeletal transverse discrepancies can be reliably diagnosed using current methods, particularly CBCT.
Transverse discrepancy diagnosis is achievable with objective, measurable criteria.
Accurate 3D interpretation via CBCT is vital for informed orthodontic treatment decisions.