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Analysis of Multi-Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in U.S. Foodborne Pathogens (2015-2025) Using Data from the NCBI

Daniel Lao1, Leo Pan-Wang1, Kenneth Tianyi Yu1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.

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Summary

Antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli is driven by coordinated gene-drug-pathogen interactions. Tetracycline is a key driver of multidrug resistance, necessitating integrated surveillance and targeted stewardship strategies.

Keywords:
Campylobacter jejuniEscherichia coliSalmonella entericaantimicrobial resistancefoodborne pathogensgene–drug–pathogen interactionshierarchical clusteringprincipal component analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Food safety and public health microbiology
  • Genomics and molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases
  • Antimicrobial resistance surveillance and control

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens presents a significant global health and food safety challenge.
  • Understanding resistance patterns and drivers is crucial for effective public health interventions.
  • Previous studies have highlighted the growing threat of AMR, but comprehensive analyses across major foodborne pathogens are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize antimicrobial resistance patterns in key U.S. foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli/Shigella).
  • To identify principal antimicrobial agents and genetic determinants associated with co-resistance.
  • To elucidate the evolutionary pathways of multidrug resistance in these pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Multivariate statistical analysis (PCA-guided clustering, frequency profiling) of 9393 U.S. pathogen isolates (2015-2025).
  • Analysis of resistance to one to six antimicrobials (AMR-1 to AMR-6).
  • Identification of key antimicrobial agents (tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin) and resistance genes (efflux pumps, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, quinolone, beta-lactamase genes).

Main Results:

  • Tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin were identified as principal axes of co-resistance.
  • Tetracycline emerged as a foundational driver of multidrug resistance.
  • Campylobacter jejuni primarily exhibited single-drug resistance, while Salmonella enterica dominated higher-order AMR categories.
  • Resistance evolution involved modular accumulation of determinants like efflux pumps, tetracycline resistance genes, and beta-lactamases.

Conclusions:

  • Multidrug resistance in U.S. foodborne pathogens evolves through coordinated gene-drug-pathogen interactions.
  • Species-specific ecological and genomic factors influence resistance profiles.
  • Integrated surveillance and targeted stewardship strategies focusing on dominant antimicrobials and high-risk pathogens are essential.