Advanced Technologies in Extracellular Vesicle Biosensing: Platforms, Standardization, and Clinical Translation

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Molecular Biology
• Diagnostics

Background:

• Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication and reflect cellular states.
• EVs contain biomolecules mirroring parent cells, enabling biosensing applications.
• EV-based biosensing is crucial for noninvasive diagnostics and monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current state and clinical translation of EV biosensing technologies.
• To discuss standardization efforts and advances in sensing modalities.
• To explore clinical applications and challenges in EV biosensing.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on EV biosensing technologies.
• Evaluation of sensing modalities (SPR, electrochemical, fluorescence, magnetic).
• Analysis of multiplexed, multiomics, and machine learning approaches.

Main Results:

• Significant improvements in sensitivity and specificity of EV detection.
• Advancements in single-EV analysis and machine learning for diagnostics.
• Exploration of EV biosensing in oncology, neurology, and infectious diseases.

Conclusions:

• EV biosensing is a promising platform for precision diagnostics and personalized medicine.
• Standardization, validation, and scalable manufacturing are critical for clinical translation.
• Addressing challenges in quality control and point-of-care deployment is essential for widespread adoption.