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Elements and Compounds01:27

Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
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Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Classification of Elements and Compounds02:54

Classification of Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...
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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes02:31

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...
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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements00:57

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

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Key Elements of Photo Attraction Bioassay for Insect Studies or Monitoring Programs
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Exploring Environmental Element Monitoring Data Using Chemometric Techniques: A Practical Case Study from the Tremiti

Raffaele Emanuele Russo1, Martina Fattobene1, Silvia Zamponi1

  • 1Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri-ChIP, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemometric techniques effectively analyzed trace elements and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Posidonia oceanica. This approach enhances environmental monitoring by revealing spatial and temporal trends in complex datasets.

Keywords:
BVOCsN-Way techniquesPARAFACPosidonia oceanicachemometricselementsenvironmental monitoringsediments

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Marine Ecology
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Environmental monitoring generates complex data requiring advanced analytical methods.
  • Posidonia oceanica serves as a bioindicator for marine environmental quality.
  • Understanding elemental and biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) dynamics is crucial for assessing marine ecosystems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply chemometric techniques for analyzing trace elements and BVOCs in Posidonia oceanica and associated environmental matrices.
  • To investigate spatial and temporal trends in elemental composition and BVOC profiles.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of data fusion and multivariate methods in interpreting complex environmental data.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 22 trace elements and BVOC profiles from Posidonia oceanica, seawater, and sediment.
  • Application of univariate visualizations, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA).
  • Utilized low-level data fusion and PARAllel FACtor analysis (PARAFAC) on a three-way array.

Main Results:

  • PCA and PLS-DA identified distinct spatial (leaf section) and temporal (sampling period) trends using elemental markers.
  • Data fusion of BVOC and element data improved group discrimination and interpretability.
  • PARAFAC successfully separated background trends from compositional changes, revealing latent structures across dimensions.

Conclusions:

  • Chemometrics provides powerful tools for environmental monitoring and analysis of complex datasets.
  • Combining multivariate techniques and data fusion enhances the interpretability of environmental data.
  • The methodology is generalizable for analyzing other multi-way environmental datasets.